India’s agriculture sector supports nearly half of the population but faces several critical challenges. Most farmers are smallholders with fragmented landholdings, limiting productivity and income growth. Government subsidies and support often favor medium and large farmers, leaving smallholders with insufficient resources. The sector is highly vulnerable to climate change, with unpredictable rainfall, droughts, and floods affecting crop yields. Poor irrigation infrastructure, inadequate storage, and weak market access cause significant post-harvest losses and reduce farmer incomes. Many farmers struggle with financial stress due to limited access to affordable credit, leading to debt cycles. Additionally, dependence on a few staple crops restricts crop diversification, impacting nutrition. Although government schemes promote improved seeds, technology adoption, and Farmer Producer Organizations, challenges in effective implementation and reaching marginalized farmers persist. Addressing these issues is crucial for enhancing food security, farmer livelihoods, and sustainable agricultural growth in India.